Tim Gillett wrote: ↑Sat Apr 01, 2023 1:35 pmAs for digital audio cassettes that started professionally around 1970 (Umatic PCM), then for consumers in the 80's (DAT)...
While there were some experimental R&D digital recorders around in 1970, there was nothing available commercially and they all used open-reel video or data tape platforms.
The first professional Sony PCM adapter using a Umatic video recorder was the PCM1600 in 1977/8, with the consumer F1 PCM adapter recording to Betamax video released almost concurrently.
AFAIK the first commercial digital recorder came from Denon in 1972, but it used a 2-inch open-reel Quadruplex video recorder. The Soundstream system came along in 1976 using a 1-inch open-reel data recorder. Decca introduced their own in-house system around the same time using a 3/4-inch open-reel IVC video recorder.
R-Dat, as it was called originally, was introduced by Sony in 1987.
When the specs for consumer digital formats were being thrashed out in 1984/5 there were two concepts: one using stationary heads like a conventional analogue tape machine, and one using rotary heads like a video machine. These two concepts were called S-DAT and R-DAT, respectively.
Sony won for the consumer market with R-DAT, later reduced just to DAT (digital audio tape). The S-DAT concept was adopted in Mitsubishi's Pro-Digi stereo and multitrack recorders, and in Sony's DASH format machines (later adopted by Studer too).
...then another type recording digitally to basically the old Compact Cassette invented 1964) in I think the 90's.
The S-DAT idea also briefly emerged in the form of Philip's DCC (digital compact cassette) in 1992, but it was dead and buried just four years later, partly because it never lived up to its promise, but also because Sony's Minidisc format was better and more convenient.